Superisometric aquatic training in the physical preparation of soccer players / Treinamento aquático superisométrico no preparo físico de futebolistas / Entrenamiento acuático superisométrico en la preparación física de futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the growing importance of physical training over sport training for competition, more research has been conducted. One of the least explored techniques is superisometric aquatic training. Objective: Study the application of super-isometric aquatic training to the physical training of soccer athletes. Methods: A literature review was performed to elaborate an experimental protocol. The experimental method was conducted on 24 university volunteers randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Classical training was conducted for two weeks between the groups, superisometric aquatic training was added only in the experimental group. Through the mathematical-statistical method, a comparative analysis of the research results was elaborated, and the effects of the intervention were discussed. Results: The movement time of the athletes in the experimental training group was reduced by 1.89s. The performance of running, tapping, standing jump, and weightlifting tests is not significantly different from those of the traditional strength training group. Conclusion: The application of superisometric aquatic training in the physical preparation of soccer players increased the overall strength of athletes,and also beneficially influenced specific activities of the sport. It is recommended to analyze the characteristics of the athlete and integrate superisometric training to general strength traispecificcally to the need of each athlete. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com a crescente importância do treinamento físico sobre o treinamento esportivo para competição, um número cada vez maior de pesquisas vem sendo realizado. Uma das técnicas pouco exploradas é o treinamento aquático superisométrico. Objetivo: Estudar a aplicação do treinamento aquático superisométrico ao treinamento físico de preparo dos atletas de futebol. Métodos: Uma análise da literatura foi efetuada para elaborar um protocolo experimental. O método experimental foi conduzido sobre 24 universitários voluntários divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle e experimental. O treinamento clássico foi conduzido por duas semanas entre os grupos, o treinamento aquático superisométrico foi adicionado apenas no grupo experimental. Através do método estatístico matemático uma análise comparativa dos resultados da pesquisa foi elaborada e os efeitos da intervenção foram discutidos. Resultados: O tempo de movimento dos atletas no grupo de treinamento experimental foi reduzido em 1,89s. O desempenho de corrida, toque, salto em pé e os resultados dos testes de levantamento de peso não foram significativamente diferentes daqueles do grupo de treinamento de força tradicional. Conclusão: A aplicação do treinamento aquático superisométrico no preparo físico de futebolistas aumentou a força geral dos atletas, também influenciou beneficamente em atividades específicas do esporte. Recomenda-se analisar as características do esportista e integrar o treinamento superisométrico ao treinamento de força geral especificamente à necessidade de cada esportista. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con la creciente importancia de la preparación física en el entrenamiento deportivo para la competición, se ha realizado un número cada vez mayor de investigaciones. Una de las técnicas poco exploradas es el entrenamiento acuático superisométrico. Objetivo: Estudiar la aplicación del entrenamiento acuático superisométrico a la preparación física de los deportistas de fútbol. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura para elaborar un protocolo experimental. El método experimental se llevó a cabo con 24 voluntarios universitarios divididos aleatoriamente en grupos de control y experimentales. El entrenamiento clásico se realizó durante quince días entre los grupos, el entrenamiento acuático superisométrico se añadió sólo en el grupo experimental. Mediante el método estadístico matemático se elaboró un análisis comparativo de los resultados de la investigación y se discutieron los efectos de la intervención. Resultados: El tiempo de movimiento de los atletas del grupo de entrenamiento experimental se redujo en 1,89s. El rendimiento de la carrera, el golpeo, el salto de pie y los resultados de las pruebas de levantamiento de pesas no fueron significativamente diferentes de los del grupo de entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional. Conclusión: La aplicación del entrenamiento acuático superisométrico en la preparación física de los jugadores de fútbol aumentó la fuerza general de los atletas, también influyó beneficiosamente en las actividades específicas del deporte. Se recomienda analizar las características del deportista e integrar el entrenamiento superisométrico al entrenamiento de fuerza general de forma específica a la necesidad de cada deportista. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos -investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of intensive isometric strength training of hip adductor on functional ankle instability / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effect of intensive hip adductor isometric strength training on the balance ability of functional ankle joint instability. Methods From November, 2019 to January, 2020, 18 college students with functional ankle instability were recruited from a university in Shenzhen and randomly divided into control group (n = 9) and experimental group (n = 9). Both groups received ankle stability training, and the experimental group received isometric muscle strength training of hip adductor in addition, one hour a time, three times a week, for four weeks. The Cumberland Ankle Instability Assessment Questionnaire (CAIT), Y Balance Test (YBT), Balance-check balance equipment and Back-check hip adductor maximum isometric strength test were performed before and after training. Results After training, the scores of CAIT, YBT and balance-check increased in both groups (t > 2.540, P < 0.05); the strength of adductor hip muscle significantly increased in the experimental group (t = 8.485, P < 0.001). The d-value of CAIT score, YBT distance, the score of Balance-check, and the strength of adductor hip muscle were more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.168, P < 0.05); the d-value of the average rotation speed, the maximum rotation speed and the balance level were less in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.804, P < 0.05). Conclusion Hip adductor isometric muscle strength training may promote the recovery of the balance after functional ankle instability.

Association between subjective sleep quality and blood pressure at rest and during exercise in free-living conditions in young women: A pilot study / 体力科学

Sleep disorders are risk factors for hypertension. This adverse effect is especially affected in women. Nevertheless, the impact of sleep habits on the cardiovascular response remains unclear in young women. This study aimed to determine whether sleep habits could affect blood pressure regulation at rest and during exercise in young women. Twenty-two young women participated in this study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), resting blood pressure (BP), and BP response to the 2-minute isometric handgrip exercise, which consists of 25% maximum force production using left hand, were measured. Beat-by-beat arterial BP changes during exercise was measured using the Finapres™ device, and it was averaged every 30 sec before and during exercise; BP reactivity was evaluated by the delta change from rest to exercise. The PSQI score was 5.2 ± 2.2. The resting systolic and diastolic BPs were 105 ± 7 mmHg and 62 ± 7 mmHg, respectively. BP reactivity to the exercise were Δ 4 ± 7 mmHg, Δ 4 ± 7 mmHg, Δ 6 ± 7 mmHg, and Δ 7 ± 9 mmHg, for each 30-sec interval. Poorer sleepers (PSQI > 4.5) showed a tendency toward lower resting systolic BP compared with better sleepers (PSQI < 4.5) (p = 0.069). Systolic BP reactivity to the last 30 sec of exercise was correlated with the PSQI score (r = 0.484, p = 0.022). In conclusion, sleep quality may affect the cardiovascular regulation at rest and during exercise in young women.

Óleo essencial de eucalipto e resposta cardiovascular em idosos após sessão aguda de exercício isométrico / Essential oil of eucalyptus and cardiovascular responses in elderly after acute isometric exercise session

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o efeito agudo do óleo essencial de eucalipto (OEE) nas respostas cardiovasculares de repouso e após sessão de exercício resistido isométrico (ERI). Vinte idosos, após serem submetidos a sessões experimentais com inalação de OEE ou condição controle, permaneceram em recuperação durante 60 min (Rec-60') para depois realizaram três séries de 1 min (1 min de recuperação entre séries) no ERI, para membro superior dominante em aparelho de preensão manual, com intensidade de 30% da contração voluntária máxima (ERI-30%). Intervalos R-R (iRR) e medidas no domínio da frequência (low frequency ­ LF e high frequency ­ HF) além da pressão arterial (PA), frequência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP) foram avaliados. Não ocorreram diferenças (p>0,05) quando comparadas as sessões (OEE vs.controle) na Rec-60' e ERI-30%. Diferenças foram encontradas no fator tempo do repouso para Rec-60' nas variáveis FC e iRR e do repouso para ERI-30% na PA sistólica, PA diastólica e DP. A inalação do OEE não proporcionou alterações significativas nas respostas cardiovasculares e autonômicas de idosos no repouso e após sessão de ERI-30%.

The aim was to investigate the acute effect of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) in cardiovascular responses of rest and after isometric resistance exercise (IRE). Twenty elderly individuals, after being submitted to experimental sessions with inhalation of EEO or control condition, remained in recovery for 60 min (Rec-60') and then performed three sets of 1 min (1 min recovery between sets) in IRE, for dominant upper limb in handgrip, with intensity of 30% of maximum voluntary contraction (IRE-30%). R-R intervals (RRi) and measurements in the frequency domain (low frequency ­ LF and high frequency ­ HF) in addition to blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate product pressure (RPP) were evaluated. There were no differences (p>0.05) when comparing the sessions (EEO vs.control) in Rec-60' and IRE-30%. Differences were found in the time factor of rest to Rec-60' in HR and RRi variables and of rest to IRE-30% in systolic BP, diastolic BP and RPP. Inhalation of EEO did not provided significant changes in cardiovascular and autonomic responses on rest and after IRE-30% in elderly individuals.

Riesgo de hipertensión arterial en individuos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares / Risk of high blood pressure in hyperreactive cardiovascular individuals

Resumen Objetivo Determinar el riesgo de padecer hipertensión arterial en individuos normotensos con hiperreactividad cardiovascular, identificados mediante la ergometría isométrica. Material y métodos Se desarrolló un estudio de cohorte, de cinco años de evolución, con un total de 419 personas; de ellas, 215 normorreactivos cardiovasculares y 204 hiperreactivos cardiovasculares. Se determinó el riesgo relativo que tienen los individuos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares de ser hipertensos y el peso de la hiperreactividad cardiovascular en la aparición de hipertensión arterial; se fijó un nivel de significación estadística de p igual 0.05. Resultados La frecuencia de nuevos hipertensos en la cohorte de hiperreactivos cardiovasculares respecto a los normorreactivos cardiovasculares fue dos veces superior (RR: 2.23 IC95% 1.42;3.51). La hiperreactividad cardiovascular fue la variable de mayor influencia. Conclusiones Los individuos normotensos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares tienen mayor riesgo de hipertensión arterial que los normotensos normorreactivos cardiovasculares.

Abstract Objective To determine the risk of high blood pressure in cardiovascular hyperreactive individuals identified by the isometric hand-held weight test. Materials and methods A prospective cohort study was conducted for 5 years, including a total of 419 individuals. Of them, 215 were normoreactive and 204 hyperreactive. The relative risk of hypertension in the hyperreactive individuals and the contribution of cardiovascular hyperreactivity to the development of high blood pressure were determined. The significance level was 0.05. Results The frequency of new hypertension cases after five years was twice as high in the cohort of hyperreactive subjects compared to the cohort of normoreactive subjects (RR 2.23, 95%CI 1.42, 3.51). The cardiovascular hyperreactivity was the most important variable for predicting of the high blood pressure (OR: 2.73; 95%CI 1.59, 4.54). Conclusions Cardiovascular hyperreactive individuals have a higher risk of high blood pressure than normorreactive individuals.

Effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 on collateral artery formation in an ischemic myocardium promoted by isometric exercise / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) on the formation of collateral arteries in the remote myocardium promoted by the isometric exercise (IE).Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing (200±20)g were randomized into a sham operation group (SO),a myocardial ischemia group (MI),an isometric exercise group (IE) and an FGF inhibitor group (Inhi-FGF),each of 6.Rats in the SO group were injected with saline subcutaneously for 2 weeks while those of the MI group were being injected with 10 mg/(kg · d) of isoproterenol subcutaneously to induce myocardial ischemia.Rats in group IE accepted isometric exercise and the same injections as group MI,while those in group Inhi-FGF were also given 100 mg/(kg · d) of formononetin intragastrically in addition to the group IE treatment.After 8 weeks of IE the myocardium of the rats' left ventricles was resected.The relative collateral blood flow (RCBF) was measured using the microsphere method.The artery density and the number of smooth muscle cells were evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis.Western blotting was performed to assay the levels of FGF-2 protein and its receptor FGFR-1.Results Compared to the SO,MI and InhiFGF groups,significant increases in the RCBF,artery density,the number of smooth muscle cells and the relative levels of FGF-2 protein and FGFR-1 were observed in group IE.In the Inhi-FGF group the artery density,the number of smooth muscle cells and the relative protein level of FGF-2 were significantly lower than those of the MI group,but there were no significant differences in the RCBF or FGFR-1 levels between the two groups.The artery density had a positive linear correlation with the number of smooth muscle cells.The RCBF correlated with the artery density,the number of smooth muscle cells and the FGF-2 protein levels.Conclusion IE can promote the expression of FGF-2 and its acceptor,resulting in the formation of collateral arteries and better blood perfusion of an ischemic myocardium.

Combined aerobic and resistance training: are there additional benefits for older hypertensive adults?

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a combination of aerobic and resistance training to those of isolated aerobic training on blood pressure, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive older adults. METHOD: Forty-four patients were randomly assigned to the aerobic group, resistance and aerobic group, and control group. Before and after 10 weeks, the following data were obtained: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure data, abdominal circumference, waist circumference, body mass index, lean mass, fat mass, and insulin sensitivity. The study was conducted with 3 training sessions per week. RESULTS: Comparison revealed significant reductions in the body mass index, abdominal and waist circumferences, and ambulatory blood pressure (24-hour, wakefulness and sleep systolic/diastolic blood pressures) in both the aerobic group and the resistance and aerobic (combined) group. The fat mass only changed in the combined group. There was no difference in the insulin sensitivity in any group. CONCLUSIONS: The combined treatment and aerobic treatment alone were equally effective in reducing the blood pressure, body mass index, and abdominal and waist circumferences, although the addition of the resistance component also helped reduce the fat mass.

Effects of MCP-1 in isometric exercise training promotes the collateral artery formation in mice with myocardial ischemia / 中国康复医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the progress that isometric exercise training improves arteriogenesis.Method:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used,weighing (200±20)g.The rats were randomized into control group (CG),myocardial ischemia group (MI),exercise training group (ET),MCP-1 inhibitor group (LG).There were 6 rats in each group.Rats were continuously administered 10mg/kg subcutaneously isoproterenol for successive 2 weeks to establish the myocardial ischemia model.Successfully modeled rats were in groups MI,ET and LG.Isometric exercise training were performed in group ET and LG.The rats in group LG were given MCP-1 inhibitor leflunomide by gavage.After 8 weeks of training,the left ventricular myocardium was extracted and relative collateral blood flow (RCBF) was measured by microspheres.Artery density (AD) and monocytes were measured by immunohistochemistry analysis.Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to assay protein and mRNA of MCP-1.Result:RCBF and AD increased significantly in group ET as compared to the rest groups.RCBF and AD in group LG showed higher than that in group MI but not significant.The number of monocytes,MCP-1 mRNA and MCP-1 expression were significantly elevated in ischemic myocardium of group ET.Interestingly,the number of monocytes,MCP-1 mRNA and MCP-1 expression showed lower than that in group MI but also not significant.Conclusion:Eight weeks of isometric exercise training can increase the expression of MCP-1 in ischemic myocardium and promote the arteriogenesis.

Efeito da facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva e pré-ativação dinâmica dos antagonistas sobre a força isométrica máxima e sinal eletromiográfico / Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and antagonist dynamic pre-activation on maximal isometric force and electromyographic signal

Uma das principais adaptações neurais relacionadas ao treinamento de força é a redução progressiva na coativação dos músculos antagonistas e aumento da ativação dos agonistas. Recentemente, evidências sugerem que a pré-ativação dos antagonistas pode melhorar o desempenho dos agonistas, entretanto, não há evidências consistentes que suportem tal hipótese. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar as respostas eletromiográficas (EMG) do latíssimo do dorso (LD), porção espinal do deltoide (DE), porção clavicular do peitoral maior (PC), porção clavicular do deltoide (DC) e força isométrica máxima (Fmáx) durante o exercício de remada aberta (RA) em isometria após facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (FNPA) e pré-ativação dinâmica dos antagonistas no teste de flexão de braços (PADA). Participaram do estudo 10 homens (23,1 ± 3 anos de idade, 77,7 ± 6,5 kg de massa corporal, 167,5 ± 4,8 cm de estatura e 25,6 ± 2,3 kg/m2 de índice de massa corporal) recreacionalmente treinados. A amplitude do sinal EMG foi normalizada por ações isométricas voluntárias máximas (AIVMs). Na análise estatística, foi aplicada a ANOVA two-way e post hoc de Bonferroni para realizar as devidas comparações (p < 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na Fmáx após os protocolos FNPA e PADA comparados ao exercício de RA sem estímulo prévio (RSEP). Em relação à amplitude EMG dos músculos LD, DE (agonistas), PC e DC (antagonistas), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os protocolos RSEP, FNPA e PADA. Esses resultados sugerem que parece não haver benefícios adicionais na aplicação da técnica de FNP contract-relax e pré-ativação nos antagonistas sobre o sinal EMG e Fmáx dos agonistas baseado na hipótese de inibição neurológica dos antagonistas.

One of the main related neural adaptations to strength training is the progressive reduction in the antagonist coactivation and increased in agonist activation. Recently, evidence suggests that antagonist pre-activation can improve the agonist performance, however, there is no consistent evidence to support this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate electromyographic responses (EMG) of the latissimus dorsi (LD), spinal portion of deltoid (DE), clavicular portion of pectoralis major (PC), clavicular portion of deltoid (DC) and maximal isometric force (Fmax) during the isometric exercise of wide grip seated row (SR) after proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (FNPA) and antagonist dynamics pre-activation in the push up test (PADA). The study included 10 men (23.1 ± 3 years of age, 77.7 ± 6.5 kg body weight, 167.5 ± 4.8 cm in height and 25.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2 index body weight) recreationally trained. The EMG amplitude was normalized by maximum voluntary isometric actions (MVIAs). Statistical analysis was applied the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni to perform the comparisons (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in Fmax after the protocols FNPA and PADA compared the performance of SR without previous stimulus (RSEP). Regarding the EMG amplitude LD, DE (agonists), PC and DC (antagonists), there were no significant differences between the protocols RSEP, FNPA and PADA. These results suggest that there is no additional benefits in applying the technique of PNF contract-relax and pre-activation in the antagonists on the EMG signal and Fmax based on the hypothesis of neurological inhibition of antagonists.

Exercício resistido no cardiopata: revisão sistemática / Resistance exercise in heart disease: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A perda de massa muscular secundária à idade e à inatividade física é clinicamente relevante na população cardíaca; contudo, a prescrição do exercício resistido dinâmico para esses pacientes apresenta-se inconclusiva na literatura. OBJETIVOS: Reunir informações e apresentar as principais diretrizes relacionadas à prescrição de exercícios resistidos em cardiopatas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizada busca sistemática de literatura, a partir das bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e MEDLINE, utilizando os seguintes descritores na língua portuguesa: força muscular, exercício isométrico, esforço físico, cardiopatia e coronariopatia, e seus correspondentes na língua inglesa (muscle strength, isometric exercise, physical effort, heart disease e artery coronary disease), os quais foram pesquisados separadamente e em cruzamentos, sendo considerados para esta revisão apenas artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2010. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: De um total de 806 artigos foram selecionados 22 para integrar a revisão, sendo 14 estudos classificados como artigos originais, 2 artigos de atualização da literatura e 6 artigos de revisão, além do capítulo 8 do livro intitulado Diretrizes do ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) para os testes de esforço e sua prescrição, publicado em 2007. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício resistido, independente da variada metodologia utilizada na prescrição dos componentes específicos do treinamento, mostrou-se eficiente para aumentar a força muscular de membros superiores e inferiores em cardiopatas e sua aplicação pode ser considerada segura para esses pacientes, desde que prescrito corretamente.

INTRODUCTION: Loss of muscle mass secondary to age and physical inactivity is clinically relevant in cardiac population, however dynamic resistance exercise prescription to these patients presents inconclusive in literature. OBJECTIVES: Collecting information and presenting the main guidelines related to resistance exercise prescribed in cardiac patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic search was performed, using the data bases LILACS, SciELO and MEDLINE. The descriptors used were: muscle strength, isometric exercise, physical effort, heart disease and artery coronary disease, which were surveyed separately and combined, considering for this review articles that were published between 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: From a total of 806 articles, 22 were selected to compose the review, 14 original articles, 2 dates literature articles and 6 review articles, beyond the chapter 8 of the book ACSM's guidelines (American College of Sports Medicine) for exercise testing & prescription, published in 2007. CONCLUSION: Resistance exercise, regardless of the varied methods used to prescribe the specific components of training, has proved effective for increasing muscle strength of upper and lower limbs in patients with and its application can be considered safe for these patients, provided that prescribed correctly.

Facilitating coronary collateral recruitment by isometric exercise during acute coronary occlusion / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To determine whether isometric handgrip exercise can increase collateral flow to the ischemic myocardium in acute coronary occlusion patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods Sixty-five patients with one-vessel CAD were randomly assigned to either an isometric exercise (IME) group or no-exercise (NE) group.Patients in the IME group performed isometric handgrip exercises (50％ of the maximum voluntary contraction) during 1 min of coronary balloon occlusion.Patients in the NE group remained sedentary during the procedure.The collateral flow index (CFI),heart rare (HR),systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were determined prior to and at the end of 1 min of coronary occlusion.Results In the IME group the average CFI improved significantly more during the occlusion than in the NE group.The differences in HR,SBP and DBP were also significantly grcatcr in the CFI group than in the NE group controls.Conclusion Isometric exercise can induce significantly increased coronary collateral flow in CAD patients during acute vessel occlusion.

Effects of Thera-Band(R) Resistance Training Including Isometric Exercise in Total Knee Replacement Patients

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an exercise program using isometric and isotonic thera band exercises. METHODS: Data were collected from 30 total knee replacement patients hospitalized in the orthopedics department at 'B' hospital (control=15, experimental=15). The control group performed isometric exercises for one week while the experimental group performed three or more rounds of both isometric and isotonic exercises, including Thera-Band(R) exercises, everyday for four weeks. RESULTS: The experimental group improved significantly in muscular strength (Z=-1.99, P=0.047) and self-efficacy (Z=19.48, P=0.000), and showed lower levels of depression than the control group (Z=8.60, P=0.003). However, no difference was found in pain experience between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise programs using the isometric and Thera-Band(R) resistance training improve muscular strength and self-efficacy and relieve depression in total knee replacement patients.

Isometric hand grip test: a tool to evaluate autonomic sympathetic function in pregnancy.

The study is the response to isometric hand grip test in 30 healthy pregnant volunteers in 20th to 29th weeks of singleton pregnancy with a mean of 25.2 gestational weeks. The increase in both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the control group. Both groups showed similar heart rate responses to isometric hand grip stress.

Respostas cardiovasculares durante a postura sentada da Reeducação Postural Global (RPG) / Cardiovascular responses in the seated posture of the Global Postural Reeducation (GPR) method

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as respostas da freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), média (PAM) e duplo produto (DPr), durante a postura sentada do método de Reeducação Postural Global (RPG). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Nove voluntárias saudáveis (23±2,1 anos, 56,4±7,8kg, 1,61±0,05m, 21,6±2,4kg.m2-1), inexperientes na prática do método RPG, foram submetidas a uma sessão de RPG na postura sentada, realizada em três fases: repouso pré-postura, execução da postura e recuperação pós-postura. No repouso e na recuperação, as voluntárias permaneceram sentadas por 20 minutos, sendo PA e FC verificadas a cada cinco minutos. A fase de execução da postura foi realizada em três séries e mantida por três minutos cada, com intervalo de um minuto entre elas. A verificação da PA e da FC foi realizada a cada um minuto e 30 segundos de execução da postura. RESULTADOS: Os valores de PAS, PAD, PAM e DPr foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) do terceiro ao nono minuto da execução da postura (154±14, 107±11, 122±9mmHg e 16.478±2.802mmHg.min-1) quando comparados aos valores de repouso pré-postura (109±10, 74±7, 85±8mmHg e 9.374±1.687mmHg.min-1) e aos valores de recuperação pós-postura. Porém, estes valores retornaram aos valores de repouso nos primeiros cinco minutos de recuperação pós-postura. Durante a execução da postura, a FC não foi estatisticamente diferente da FC de repouso pré-postura. CONCLUSÕES: Elevações significativas da PAS, PAD, PAM e DPr foram observadas durante a execução da postura sentada da RPG empregada nesse estudo, mas retornaram aos valores de repouso nos primeiros cinco minutos de recuperação pós-postura.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and double product (DP) responses in the seated posture of the Global Postural Reeducation (GPR) method. METHODS: Nine healthy female volunteers (23±2.1 years; 56.4±7.8kg; 1.61±0.05m, 21.6±2.4kg/m²), without experience of the GPR, method underwent a treatment session in the seated posture. It was a three-step experiment: pre-posture resting, posture maintenance and post-posture recovery. In both the resting and the recovery step, the volunteers remained seated for 20 minutes and arterial pressure and HR were measured every five minutes. The posture maintenance step lasted for three minutes and was implemented three times with one-minute intervals between implementations. Arterial pressure and HR were measured every 1.5 minutes, while the posture was being maintained. RESULTS: The SAP, DAP, MAP and DP values were significantly greater (p<0.05) from the third to the ninth minute of maintaining the posture (154±14, 107±11, 122±9mmHg and 16,478±2,802mmHg/min) in comparison with the pre-posture resting values (109±10, 74±7, 85±8mmHg and 9,374±1,687mmHg/min) and the post-posture recovery values. However, these values returned to the resting values within the first five minutes of post-posture recovery. The HR while maintaining the posture was not statistically different from the pre-posture resting HR. CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases in SAP, DAP, MAP and DP were observed while maintaining the seated posture of the GPR method that was used in this study, but these values returned to the resting values within the first five minutes of post-posture recovery.

Mechanism of Isometric Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Isometric exercise(IE) is an essential component of daily living activities.Lack of IE may result in deconditioning of IE capacity.IE has not been used in cardiac rehabilitation because of poor understanding in cardiovascular response to IE and the Valsalva Maneuver associated with IE.Eingteen healthy young subjects aged 23.7 yrs on average was studied by administration of beta blocker and antagonist of opioids during IE.The result demonstrated that the regulation of cardiovasular response during IE is attributed to both sympathetic system and opioids activity.Twenty patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were also studied during brief maximal IE,sustained maximal IE and dynamic exercise(DE).The patients included 13 cases with more than one vessel lesions and 7 post myocardial infarction and/or angina.Ten age matched apparent healthy subjects were examined as the control group.The result showed that IE without the Valsalva Maneuver in patients with CAD might increase coronary artery perfusion by enhancing diastolic pressure and prolonging diastolic period,which had no harmful effect on CAD.Hemodynamic responses and cardiac function were weaker during IE than DE.The intensity of the responses to IE was correlated to the central command but not to the absolute work load.It is concluded that significant release of endogenous opioids due to strong central command during IE,especially perceived maximal sustained IE,may help to attenuate activity of sympathetic system,thus reducing risk of exercise in patients with CAD.

Torque Curves and Heart Rate Responses to Isometric, Eccentric and Concentric Isokinetic Exercises of the Knee and Elbow Joints

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the torque curves and heart rate responses to isometric, eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercises with a maximal voluntary contraction of the right knee and elbow joints in 30 healthy men(26.6+/-2.2 years). METHOD: Subjected performed the eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercises with 10 repetitions at 60o/sec, while performing the isometric exercises at a joint angle of 60 degrees for the same period of time with Cybex 6000. Peak torque, angle of peak torque, and total work were measured and the flexor-to-extensor ratios of peak torque were calculated. Heart rates were recorded simultaneously at rest and immediately after the exercise, and the time required to return to the resting heart rate level was also recorded for each exercise session. RESULTS: Peak torque and total work for the eccentric exercise were significantly higher than those for the concentric exercise(p<0.01) of the knee and elbow joints. Eccentric peak torques for flexors and extensors of the knee joint occurred at a significantly longer muscle length than the concentric peak torques(p<0.01). Flexor-to-extensor ratios of a peak torque of the knee joint between the eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercises did not show a significant difference. Torques at a joint angle of 60 degrees were highest in the eccentric isokinetic exercise, followed in the order by isometric, and then concentric isokinetic exercises of the knee joint(p<0.01), and concentric torque at a joint angle of 60 degrees was significantly lower than those of the eccentric and isometric exercises of the elbow joint. The increase in heart rate and the time of returning to the resting heart rate level were independent of the size of the contracting muscle mass and the types of exercise. The increment ratio for the heart rate was 70.4+/-23.6%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the response of heart rate to the exercise is not influenced by the contracting muscle mass or the types of exercise in a short duration of maximal voluntary contraction, implying that special precautionary measures are not required for the isometric, eccentric and concentric isokinetic exercises.